Cascades physiopathologiques dans la maladie de Sanfilippo B

La mucopolysaccharidose de type IIIB (MPSIIIB), ou maladie de Sanfilippo B, est une maladie de surcharge lysosomale caractérisée par des atteintes neurologiques. Cette maladie génétique rare est causée par la déficience en a-N-acétylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), une enzyme nécessaire pour la dégradation des héparanes sulfates (HS). La dégradation incomplète des HS cause l accumulation de saccharides d HS dans les lysosomes et à la surface des cellules. Mais la cascade physiopathologique induite par ces saccharides n est pour l instant pas connue. D une part, ces recherches fournissent des preuves que la communication avec l environnement des cellules neurales déficientes en NAGLU est altérée. En effet, l intégrine ß1 et ses effecteurs sont suractivés et recrutés au niveau des plaques d adhérence dans des astrocytes déficients. Les comportements cellulaires dépendants des intégrines, tels que la polarisation et la migration, sont également altérés. Ces phénotypes sont restaurés par l apport de l enzyme déficiente. Cette restauration indique que l accumulation de saccharides d HS provoque l activation de la signalisation des intégrines, et perturbe la polarisation et la migration des cellules neurales. L ajout de saccharides d HS purifiés sur des cellules neurales normales confirme que les saccharides d HS extracellulaires activent des composants des plaques d adhérence. D autre part, l étude d un modèle cellulaire humain, dont l expression de NAGLU a été inhibée par shRNA, a montré que l accumulation de vésicules de stockage caractéristiques de la maladie est causée, entre autre, par une déformation de l appareil de Golgi et la surexpression de GM130. Ces phénotypes sont également observés dans les neurones atteints. Ils s accompagnent d une augmentation de la stabilité et de la nucléation des microtubules, au niveau de l appareil de Golgi. Les défauts de communication entre la cellule malade et son environnement semblent donc modifier la dynamique et la structure cellulaire. Nous présumons que les mécanismes physiopathologiques déchiffrés en culture sont reliés à la neuropathologie de la MPSIIIB. En perturbant la perception de l environnement cellulaire, la polarité, la migration, et la pousse neuritique, les saccharides d HS accumulés dans les tissus cérébraux malades, affectent probablement divers mécanismes clefs de la maturation corticale.Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (Sanfilippo B disease) is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by severe neurological manifestations in children. This rare monogenic disease is caused by a-N acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) deficiency, a lysosomal hydrolase necessary for heparan sulfate (HS) degradation. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of HS saccharides. Mechanisms mediating HS saccharides deleterious effects on brain cells are not well understood. This research provides evidences that neural cell sensing of environment is altered in MPSIIIB cells. Integrins and focal adhesion components are over-recruited and over-activated in deficient mouse astrocytes. Consistently, integrin-dependant cell behavior such as cell polarization and directed migration were defective in affected astrocytes and neural stem cells. HS saccharide clearance, by NAGLU gene transfer, rescues a normal phenotype suggesting that HS saccharides induce focal adhesion formation. Addition of purified HS saccharides on normal astrocytes confirms that extracellular HS saccharides can activate the recruitment of focal adhesion components and provides an in vitro assay to decipher the saccharide code of HS. Otherwise, investigations performed on HeLa cell model, in which NAGLU expression was inhibited by shRNA, showed that accumulation of intracellular storage vesicles, a hallmark of the disease, is due over expression of a cis-Golgi protein. This affects the Golgi morphology and microtubule nucleation and stability. It seems that alterations of environment cell sensing and downstream signaling also modify the dynamic and the structure of cells. We assume that mechanisms deciphered in cell cultures are related to MPSIIIB neuropathology. By affecting cell perception of environmental cues, cell polarity, cell migration and neurite outgrowth, HS saccharides, which accumulate in brain tissues defective for a HS degradation enzyme, likely affect various processes important for accurate cortical maturation.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Early Neurodegeneration Progresses Independently of Microglial Activation by Heparan Sulfate in the Brain of Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB Mice

BACKGROUND: In mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB, a lysosomal storage disease causing early onset mental retardation in children, the production of abnormal oligosaccharidic fragments of heparan sulfate is associated with severe neuropathology and chronic brain inflammation. We addressed causative links between the biochemical, pathological and inflammatory disorders in a mouse model of this disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In cell culture, heparan sulfate oligosaccharides activated microglial cells by signaling through the Toll-like receptor 4 and the adaptor protein MyD88. CD11b positive microglial cells and three-fold increased expression of mRNAs coding for the chemokine MIP1alpha were observed at 10 days in the brain cortex of MPSIIIB mice, but not in MPSIIIB mice deleted for the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 or the adaptor protein MyD88, indicating early priming of microglial cells by heparan sulfate oligosaccharides in the MPSIIIB mouse brain. Whereas the onset of brain inflammation was delayed for several months in doubly mutant versus MPSIIIB mice, the onset of disease markers expression was unchanged, indicating similar progression of the neurodegenerative process in the absence of microglial cell priming by heparan sulfate oligosaccharides. In contrast to younger mice, inflammation in aged MPSIIIB mice was not affected by TLR4/MyD88 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results indicate priming of microglia by HS oligosaccharides through the TLR4/MyD88 pathway. Although intrinsic to the disease, this phenomenon is not a major determinant of the neurodegenerative process. Inflammation may still contribute to neurodegeneration in late stages of the disease, albeit independent of TLR4/MyD88. The results support the view that neurodegeneration is primarily cell autonomous in this pediatric disease

Incentivizing the Dynamic Workforce: Learning Contracts in the Gig-Economy

In principal-agent models, a principal offers a contract to an agent to perform a certain task. The agent exerts a level of effort that maximizes her utility. The principal is oblivious to the agent's chosen level of effort, and conditions her wage only on possible outcomes. In this work, we consider a model in which the principal is unaware of the agent's utility and action space. She sequentially offers contracts to identical agents, and observes the resulting outcomes. We present an algorithm for learning the optimal contract under mild assumptions. We bound the number of samples needed for the principal obtain a contract that is within $\epsilon$ of her optimal net profit for every $\epsilon>0$

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

Genome-wide association identifies nine common variants associated with fasting proinsulin levels and provides new insights into the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Proinsulin is a precursor of mature insulin and C-peptide. Higher circulating proinsulin levels are associated with impaired β-cell function, raised glucose levels, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies of the insulin processing pathway could provide new insights about T2D pathophysiology. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We have conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association tests of ∼2.5 million genotyped or imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and fasting proinsulin levels in 10,701 nondiabetic adults of European ancestry, with follow-up of 23 loci in up to 16,378 individuals, using additive genetic models adjusted for age, sex, fasting insulin, and study-specific covariates. RESULTS: Nine SNPs at eight loci were associated with proinsulin levels (P < 5 × 10(-8)). Two loci (LARP6 and SGSM2) have not been previously related to metabolic traits, one (MADD) has been associated with fasting glucose, one (PCSK1) has been implicated in obesity, and four (TCF7L2, SLC30A8, VPS13C/C2CD4A/B, and ARAP1, formerly CENTD2) increase T2D risk. The proinsulin-raising allele of ARAP1 was associated with a lower fasting glucose (P = 1.7 × 10(-4)), improved β-cell function (P = 1.1 × 10(-5)), and lower risk of T2D (odds ratio 0.88; P = 7.8 × 10(-6)). Notably, PCSK1 encodes the protein prohormone convertase 1/3, the first enzyme in the insulin processing pathway. A genotype score composed of the nine proinsulin-raising alleles was not associated with coronary disease in two large case-control datasets. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified nine genetic variants associated with fasting proinsulin. Our findings illuminate the biology underlying glucose homeostasis and T2D development in humans and argue against a direct role of proinsulin in coronary artery disease pathogenesis

Défauts cellulaires dans les maladies de surcharge lysosomale

La mucopolysaccharidose IIIB (MPSIIIB) est une maladie de surcharge lysosomale (MSL) causée par une accumulation d oligosaccharides d héparane sulphate (OHS), induisant chez les enfants atteints un retard mental progressif, une neurodégénérescence et une mort prématurée. Les mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués sont mal compris. Il est nécessaire d élucider ces mécanismes, afin d évaluer l efficacité d un traitement par thérapie génique en regard de la perte de la plasticité neuronale, et pour définir les meilleures conditions de traitement. Pour cela, de nouveaux modèles cellulaires de la maladie ont été créés. Des cellules souches pluripotentes induites ont été générées à partir de fibroblastes de patients, lesquelles ont ensuite été différenciées en une lignée neuronale. Un modèle HeLa a également été créé dans lequel l expression de shRNAs dirigés contre la a-N-acétylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), l enzyme manquante dans la MPSIIIB, est induite par la tétracycline. Ces modèles ont été isolés avec succès, et présentent les caractéristiques pathologiques fondamentales de la MPSIIIB. L étude de ces modèles a montré que : I) Les OHS excrétés dans la matrice extracellulaire modifient la perception cellulaire des signaux environnementaux, affectant les voies de signalisation en aval avec des conséquences sur la morphologie du Golgi. II) L accumulation de vésicules de stockage intracellulaires qui caractérisent les MSLs est due à la surexpression de la protéine cis-golgienne GM130 et aux altérations du Golgi qui en résultent. Ces vésicules sont possiblement des lysosomes anormaux formés dans le Golgi cis et médian qui sont déroutés à une étape précoce de la biogenèse du lysosome, donnant naissance à un compartiment cul-de-sac . III) D autres fonctions cellulaires contrôlées par GM130 sont affectées dont la morphologie du centrosome ou la nucléation des microtubules. Ces données suggèrent de possibles conséquences sur la polarisation et la migration cellulaire, et la neuritogenèse.Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) characterized by accumulation of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides (HSO), which results in progressive mental retardation, neurodegeneration and premature death in children. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Coming to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of MPSIIIB has become a necessity to assess the efficacy of gene therapy treatment regarding loss of neuronal plasticity, and to define the best conditions for treatment. To address the link between HSO accumulation and downstream pathological events, new cell models of MPSIIIB were created. First, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) were generated from fibroblasts of affected children, followed by differentiation of patient-derived iPSc into a neuronal progeny. Second, a HeLa cell model was created in which expression of shRNAs directed against a-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), the deficient enzyme in MPSIIIB, is induced by tetracycline. Success in the isolation of these different models was pointed by the presence of cardinal features of MPSIIIB cell pathology. Studies in these models showed that: I) HSO excreted in the extracellular matrix modifies cell perception of environmental cues, affecting downstream signalling pathways with consequences on the Golgi morphology. II) Accumulation of intracellular storage vesicles, a hallmark of LSDs is due to overexpression of the cis-Golgi protein GM130 and subsequent Golgi alterations. It is likely that these vesicles are abnormal lysosomes formed in the cis- and medial-Golgi which are misrouted at an early step of lysosome biogenesis, giving rise to a dead-end compartment. III) Other cell functions controlled by GM130 are affected, including centrosome morphology and microtubule nucleation. These data point to possible consequences on cell polarization, cell migration and neuritogenesis.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Etude des étapes précoces de la réplication du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine

PARIS7-Bibliothèque centrale (751132105) / SudocSudocFranceF